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    上海自考00012英语(一)短文写作知识点押题资料

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      短文写作

      写作评分的标准

      评分标准分为五个档次。首先根据短文书写的总体质量,而不是按照语言错误的数量扣分。打分时,根据所写内容要点、篇章结构和语言运用初步确定其所属的档次,然后再具体给分。拼写、标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,字数明显不足分数要降低一个档次,书写质量较差也要降低一个档次。英、美拼写皆可接受。

      评分标准分为五个档次,每个档次六分(参见教学大纲)

      (1)第1档。25-30 分。圆满地完成了试题规定的任务。

      ●清楚地表达了全部内容要点。

      ●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。

      ●语言运用较为准确、恰当。

      (2)第二档。19-24 分。完成了试题规定的任务。

      ●清楚地表达了全部或关键内容要点。

      ●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的基本要求。

      ●语言运用基本正确,虽有小错,但不影响理解。

      (3)第三档。13-18 分。基本完成了试题规定的任务。

      ●提及了关键内容要点(可能漏掉了个别内容)。

      ●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的挺低要求。

      ●存在一些语言错误,但基本不影响理解。

      (4)第四档。7-12 分。完成了一部分试题规定的任务。

      ●遗漏或未能清楚表达内容要点,或者写了一些无关内容。

      ●语法结构和词汇的运用能力较差。

      ●语法错误较多,部分错误影响理解。

      (5)第五档。1-6 分。未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏内容要点,或者写了一些无关内容,可能由于未理解任务所致。

      ●语法结构和词汇的运用能力很差。

      ●语法错误很多,严重影响理解。

      短文写作任务内容

      写作内容广泛,涉及生活、一般常识和私人信件,体裁包括记叙文、说明文、描写文、议论文、应用文等。现在英语短文写作趋势多以应用文类型为主。

      高自考试题中最后部分为短文写作任务,一个小题,总计 30 分,要求考生写一篇 100 词左右的短文。试卷给出题目,考生依据内容要求拓展成句进行写作。

      短文写作相对英语考试中的其他考题来讲是比较难的题目,因为写作题是主观性题目,考查考生书面表达(即语法知识和词汇运用的)能力。试题皆为命题写作,限定了内容,短文字数也要求尽量写够 100 词。所以考生必须打好基础,有扎实基本功,才能顺利完成写作任务。

      短文写作的最根本的基础是词汇量。许多考生单词记忆的数量太少了,或者是不知道如何用词,开始动笔写短文就会不知所措,所以先要学会熟练拼写单词,以背诵句子的方式来记忆单词。掌握了一定量的词汇(words),还要有语法知识,才能把词汇写成句子(sentence)。还应该注意到英文写作表达方式及格式与汉语的不同之处,尽量避免写病句。句子是短文写作的重要组成部分,不要求文字多么华丽,意义多么深刻,只要将句子安排好顺序组织成段落(paragraph),这就是短文(composition)的构成,呈金字塔状。△

      短文写作,没什么捷径可走,必须多练,熟能生巧。建议大家在备考时,每个星期至少用英语写一篇小短文,并在每一篇中尽量换一个新话题,使用已经学到的词汇、词组、短句,句型和句式。这样既可以强化记忆单词,同时也可以实践语法的正确使用,尝试自己是否可以驾驭写作英文短文。在实践中,将母语与英语渐渐的融为一体,发展自己的写作风格。

      短文写作注意事项

      考试题目已经给出,根据规定内容,考生写出句子组织段落,反映出综合运用所掌握的知识书面表达的能力。 写作时要注意表达规定内容完整全面,不能跑题;写句子时要注意符合语法要求,特别注意主谓一致、名词的单复数、动词时态、冠词的用法、介词的搭配等问题;要尽量使用英文现成的句型、固定搭配和简单直接明了的短句子,避免写病句。下面就针对句子写作中的一些典型病句进行一下分析。举例:

      例 1:主谓一致问题:“人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么”。

      病句: When one have money,he can do what he want to.

      改错: Once one has money,he can do what he wants(to do).

      (名词的单复数例句:联合国 1945 年建立。The United Nations was formed in 1945.)

      例 2:逻辑关系问题:“当我十岁时,祖父去世了”。

      病句:At the age of ten,my grandfather died.

      改错:When I was ten,my grandfather died.

      例 3:词义和词性问题:“没有人能够否认金钱的重要性”。

      病句:None can negative the importance of money.

      分析:negative 系形容词,误作动词使用。

      改错:None can deny the importance of money.

      (背单词时,了解词性也很重要。“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用、形容词当副词用、名词当动词用等等。词义的选取要根据语境、上下文。例如:

      tender a. 温柔的,v.& n. 招投标;

      taxiway 出租车道,飞机跑道;

      terminal a.晚期的,

      n.计算机终端,公共汽车\轮船等总站, 航站楼;

      sharp a. 锋利的,ad. 正,准时,急剧地;等等。)

      例 4:动词时态、语态和虚拟语气等问题:

      现在完成时与一般过去时的误用:“我们的学校发生了很大变化”。

      病句:Our school took place great changes.

      改错:Great changes have taken place in our school.

      (分析:错误一:主语不应当用“我们学校”。谓语动词“发生”是说明“变化”的。 错误二:发生变化的时间不确切,不用一般过去时态;用现在完成时态,只是为了表示状 态和事实,不是为了说明变化发生的时间。)

      例 5:介词的正确使用问题:

      介词的使用主要是惯用法,英语中大部分习惯用语都是由介词与其他词搭配构成的。

      如何正确使用介词?介词包括常用介词和介词短语,要做到两点:了解介词基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭配、介词短语的意义。

      例如:except, except for, besides, 三个介词的使用

      except , except for “除去” 排除在外(不包括)

      句子中前后两个词语表示相等成分或同类事物时,用 except , 否则用 except for。

      例如:I attended classes every day except Sunday.“除了星期天,我每天都去上课”。

      The composition is well written except for a few spelling errors.“这篇文章还不错,除了拼写错误外”。

      除了一些拼写错误外, 这篇文章写得不错。

      besides 与 except 的区别及举例

      Our teacher invited five of us besides Tom.

      除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人。(除了…以外,还有… ...)

      例 6:常用的句型:

      存在句型:最常用的 There be 句型,在这种结构中,there 是引导词,没有实际意义。be 在句中作谓语,有时态和数的变化。例如:

      There was no school in the village at that time.

      或者:

      There was not a school in the village at that time.

      (注意:在否定句中,否定词用 no,也可用 not

      a 或 not any。not a 后接单数名词,not any 后接复数名词, no 后面的名词单复数都可以。)

      There is (not) a common mistake among my students.

      There are many people rushing into the cities every year.

      There are many things (that) we can do to prevent traffic accidents.

      句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语,如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力,使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时,考生最容易犯的错误是在 there be 之后又用了一个动词作谓语,使句子结构出现严重错误。下面列举的两个病句,均属这样的典型错误,对此我们在写作中要格外注意。这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性,在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用存在句型。

      病句 1:There are many people like to go to the movies. 许多人喜欢去电影院(看电影)。

      改错:There are many people who like to go to the movies.

      病句 2:There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.

      改错:There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy at the market.

      代词 it 的使用:用作形式主语、形式宾语等等

      短文写作 谋篇布局

      一篇短文通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体,会直接影响到文章的写作质量。

      (1)写好文章的开头

      文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下子引起读者的兴趣。

      作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种:

      ① 开门见山,揭示主题

      文章一开头就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。

      例如:“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假的)开头是这样写的:I spent my last vacation happily.

      下面是题为“Honesty(谈诚实)一文中的开头:

      例如: Honesty is a virtue. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.

      ② 以交代人物、事件、时间开头

      在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和时间交待清楚。例如“A

      Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)的开头:

      The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. It took us three hours to get there. The long trip made us very tired,but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

      ③ 回忆性开头

      用回忆的方法来开头。例如:“A Trip to Mountain Tai”(泰山游)的开头是:

      I remember my first trip to Mountain Tai as if it were yesterday.

      ④ 概括性的开头

      即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。例如:“The Pleasure of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头:

      People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that reading books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

      ⑤介绍环境式的开头

      即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。例如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:

      It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came around the corner.

      ⑥交待写作目的的开头

      在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。例如:“Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头:

      In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

      (2)写好文章的段落

      首先,一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想。该中心由主题句来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)。这就是段落的统一性(unity)。

      其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句。使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性 (completeness or adequateness)。

      第三,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)。

      (3)作文的结尾

      文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种:

      ①首尾呼应,画龙点睛

      在文章的结尾。把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。例如:“I Cannot Forget Her”(我忘不了她)的结尾:

      After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was saddened by her death, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

      ②重复主题句

      结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。例如:“I Love My Home Town”(我爱我的家乡)结尾:

      I love my home town. It has changed a great deal. People there are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

      ③自然结尾

      随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:

      I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

      ④含蓄性的结尾

      用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。例如“A Day of Harvesting”(收获的日子)的结尾:

      Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

      ⑤用反问结尾

      虽然形式是问句但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。例如:

      “Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?)的结尾:

      Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?

      ⑥指明方向,激励读者

      结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Play Sports” (让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:

      As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only bring happiness but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. If you have a sound mind, you will have a healthy body. Let's play sports regularly.

      文章的结尾没有一定的模式,可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是,一些记叙文和描写文经常采 用自然结尾的方法;但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语,以便使文章首尾呼应,结构完整。

      作文谋篇布局写作举例:

      某英文报纸正在举办题为“My Favorite Job”的征文活动。请就此题目写一篇英文短文应征。内容包括以下两个方面:

      你最喜欢的工作是什么? 你为什么喜欢它?

      My Favorite Job I have had a variety of part-time and full-time jobs, some interesting and some dull. I've worked in an office, a grocery store, a factory, and countless other places. After I graduated from college, I became a teacher. I definitely prefer teaching to any of

      the other jobs. I am a people-person and especially enjoy the interaction with the students. I also feel very fulfilled when I see the students make progress. I greatly enjoy preparing the lessons and try to create activities that are both practical and fun. While I'm glad I gained much practical experience at my other jobs, I realize that I am most fulfilled as a teacher.

      短文写作 举例

      1. 写便条 Note P. 105 Practical Writing

      便条就是一封简短的信件,写便条出于各种各样的目的。

      对比信件,便条语言是简洁的非正式的口头的形式,省略了下列几项:

      ● 收件人和发件人的地址

      ● 开头不用“Dear”称呼

      ● 结尾谦称

      ● 日期不用写上“年”

      Notes are short letters written for various purposes. Compared with a letter, a note is

      simple in form and often informal or colloquial in language.

      In a note,the following may be omitted:

      →The addresses of the addressee and the addresser

      →The word "Dear" in the salutation

      →The complimentary close

      →The year in the date

      例 1:

      Sample 1

      Oct.4

      Susan,

      A friend of yours, Keddie, called this morning while you were out. He invited you to visit the Summer Palace next Sunday morning. The car will come round at 9.am.

      Anne

      例 2:

      Sample 2

      April.4

      Keddie,

      Thanks for your invitation to visit the Summer Palace, but I am afraid that I can't go with you because of a bad cold. We’ll get together somewhere when I fully recover from the illness.

      Rose

      2.写通知 Notice (Announcement)

      P.128 Practical Writing

      写通知是为了广而告知,可以由个人、群体或组织等发布。通知中发布的信息必须简明扼要引人注目。至少包括三项:时间、地点、活动内容。

      A notice is written by an individual, group, organization or body to draw readers' attention to a particular issue. All the required information must be given in a

      simple, concise, attractive manner so that people notice it. A notice includes at least three parts:

      →Time(date, day of the week)

      →Place

      →Activity

      例 1:Sample 1

    例 2:Sample 2
    例 3:Sample 3
    3.写信(各种信件)

     

      Sample 1 P.152 Practical Writing

      邀请信 Letter of Invitation

      写邀请信是为了邀请朋友、亲戚、同事等人来参加聚会或会议,有两大类邀请信:私人邀请和正式邀请。婚礼邀请和生日邀请是私人邀请信,研讨会和商务邀请是正式邀请信。两种邀请卡作用一样,但针对的对象和细节不同。

      Invitation letters are written to invite friends, relatives and associates to parties, seminars, etc. There are two kinds of such letters: personal ones and formal ones. Wedding invitations and birthday party invitations are personal; seminar invitations and business invitations are formal. Both kinds serve the same purpose as an invitation card, but invitation letters are more personalized and detailed.

      例:

      

    Sample 2 P.175 Practical Writing

     

      感谢信 Thank-You Letter

      写感谢信是表达对某件事情、周到体贴的行为表现或者是对送礼者的衷心感激。 一封感谢信应当是诚挚的,信中要提及为什么要感激的主题,致意的语气取决于你与被感谢人的关系。

      A thank-you letter or note is an expression of appreciation for a thoughtful act, expression or gift.

      →A thank-you letter should be heartfelt.

      →Specific reference should be made to what you are grateful for, which is the subject of the letter.

      →The formality of your salutation should be based upon your relationship with the person whom you are thanking.

      例:

      

    Sample 3 Practical Writing

     

      投诉信 Letters of complaint

      无论我们的愿望和企图如何, 在某些场合也会遇到抱怨,或者甚至我们也可能会写信投诉。写投诉信有很多原因,比如:服务差、送货迟或者货物损坏,等等。

      No matter how good our intentions and efforts, there are bound to be occasions when it is necessary to deal with a complaint, or even make one. Complaints may be necessary for many reasons, such as poor service, late delivery, damaged goods and so on.

      例:

      

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